Buying another company requires a big commitment and should not be undertaken lightly. As the buyer, you’ll need to line up financing, put together a deal and pay professional fees, divert a significant portion of your attention away from your main business to get the deal done, and engage in a sometimes frustrating and prolonged series of discussions and negotiations.
Aaron Ghais, an attorney for Shulman Rogers, Gandal, Pordy & Ecker, P.A., and guest writer on Topline’s Blog, addresses the four most common “deal killers” that may cause you to give up on an acquisition.
You and your advisors should be constantly on the look-out for warning signs that the deal will not go through. The sooner you can spot potential deal killers, the sooner you can try to address them before they become fatal to your acquisition, and the sooner you can back out of your deal before the costs outweigh the benefits.
So what are some of those deal killers? There are many, but here are the four that frequently rear their ugly heads:
1. Disorganized Seller
This one is easily spotted early in the process. For example, you ask the seller for copies of all signed customer contracts and it takes weeks, and many of them are unsigned. Or the seller’s financial records are messy and you discover that the target business has lots of old accounts receivable with no effective collection system in place. It’s possible the seller’s capitalization table – showing who owns what equity in the company – is incomplete, out of date, or otherwise inaccurate.
Maybe not fatal in any one instance, but a disorganized seller’s mess will become your mess if you close the acquisition. It also may take a lot more time and money to get to a closing than you’d like.
2. Surprise Disclosures by the Seller
A surprise disclosure could come anytime in the process, so gird yourself. Ask the seller to tell you up front about any problems that could impact deal value or post-sale operations. Also ask for the documentation and information you’ll need to review during your due diligence process and press the seller for prompt responses. Complete an initial and quick review of the provided documents to spot deal killer issues.
Additionally, get a draft purchase agreement to the seller as soon as possible so the seller can start preparing his disclosure schedules describing exceptions to certain representations in the purchase agreement. If you ask for a representation that there are no lawsuits pending against the seller except as described on a disclosure schedule, you might just get a draft disclosure schedule listing some highly problematic lawsuits that you really don’t want to inherit.
Due diligence is a sorting-and-sifting process that takes time, but the more effectively and quickly you can force the seller to disclose potential liabilities and issues that could affect the deal’s value and viability, the better.
3. Greedy Seller
It’s not unusual to discover things in due diligence that negatively affect the buyer’s view of what the seller’s company is worth. When that happens, you will likely go back to the seller to negotiate a lower purchase price or, alternatively, an arrangement that gives you some protection against the problem you’ve identified. For example, you may ask the seller to leave behind a portion of the purchase price in an escrow account to pay for any post-closing work you may do to clean up the problem you identified during due diligence.
The thing to look out for here is how the seller reacts. If you’ve discovered something late in the process that the seller should have disclosed earlier and he’s incensed over your proposal to decrease or hold back a portion of the purchase price, you’ve got an issue.
This could be the tip of the iceberg, and you need to seriously consider whether this seller is somebody you really want to do a deal with at all.
4. Incompetent Sell-Side Advisors
This is a biggie and comes up more often than it should. Here’s how it usually sets up: the seller has a long-time attorney who has represented the company since its since formation – he’s a jack-of-all-trades but not a seasoned deal lawyer, having done only a few sell-side transactions at most – and the seller feels compelled out of loyalty, ignorance, or trust to let his long-time lawyer represent him during the sale.
Here’s the problem: the seller’s generalist lawyer doesn’t know how sell-side deals normally proceed. He doesn’t understand the principal documents and as a result takes too long to review those documents. He then provides semi-thoughtful but misguided comments to those documents and makes a big stink over minor issues, provides weak advice to the seller that unnecessarily alarms him, and generally drives up your legal fees, prolongs the process, and puts the deal in jeopardy.
Are there any potential “deal killers” in the deal you’re working on right now? How are you addressing them? Create a plan right now with your advisors to address them, set a timeline for resolution and communicate that deadline to the seller, and be prepared to pull out of your deal if the seller’s response is unsatisfactory and the costs of the acquisition outweigh the benefits of going forward.
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